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Dry forest in Mexico

The tropical dry forest (TDF) of Mexico have a unique biodiversity with large number of endemic species. TDF occupy about 11.7% of Mexican land, distributed mainly in the Pacific Coastal Plain from south Sonora to Central Depression in Chiapas extending to Central America. There are also small areas of TDF in south Baja California, Yucatan Peninsula and in the Gulf of Mexico Coast from Veracruz to Tamaulipas. In general TDF is found from sea level to 1500 masl and occasionally to 1900 masl. 

Mexican TDF develops in a dry climate with a minimum temperature of 0 ° on the coldest days, but on average temperature varies between 20-29 ° C. Precipitation varies between 300 and 1,200 mm (1,800 maximum) of rain with 5 to 8 dry months between December and May.


Dry forests of Mexico are some of the most extensive and diverse in number of plant species in the New World. Depending on the latitude, altitude, soil type, and other ecological conditions, as well as geological history, dry forests in Mexico tend to be classified with different names and accordingly under different types of vegetation. A general consensus amongst botanists and ecologists is that selva baja caducifolia, bosque tropical seco, selva mediana subcaducifolia or caducifolia, selva baja espinosa or even matorral xerófilo or xerophytic scrub, and secondary vegetation that is a product of natural or human disturbance are just different presentations of the same vegetation adjusting to various environmental, geological and historical conditions.Mexico`s dry  forests are characterized by high species diversity, large species turnover, amongst the different studied sites, and an important amount of endemism.  For example, the southern portion of the Baja California Península is covered with dry forests with an extension of 3, 325 km2, and is home to 645 species of flowering plants, 37 (5.7%) of which are endemics (León de la Luz, Domínguez-Cadena, and Medel-Narváez, 2012). A recent estimation of Mexico’s flowering plants has calculated that there are 29,000 species, and according to other references 20% of these inhabit dry forests (ca. 5, 800 spp.), and 60% are endemics (ca. 3, 480 spp.).The families better represented in number of species and sometimes in number of individuals and habits are the Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Burseraceae, Cactaceae, Malpighiaceae, Rutaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Anacardiaceae; although this list varies depending on the latitude, altitude, types of soil, and other ecological parameters. One of the most diverse plant groups is the Leguminosae with half of their species (ca. 900 spp.) inhabiting this type of forest.  For example, the genus Lonchocarpus comprises ca. 80 species of trees in Mexico and has more than half of its species occurring in dry forests. According to Pérez-García, Meave and Cevallos-Ferriz (2012) dry forests in Mexican territory can be dated back to the Miocene, more than 20 million years ago, possibly associated with the Tertiary North American flora; suggesting a different origin to their South American counterparts, and thus, recognizing the existence of a so-called Pan-American Realm.